Philip Zimbardo is the psychologist who designed the infamous (no other word seems as appropriate) Stanford Prison Experiment in 1971. In an interview on the Edge website, he has some thoughts on heroism, and how we can inculcate the proper kind of "heroic imagination" in children:
Heroes come in two varieties. There are life-long heroes: people who dedicate their whole life to a mission, to a cause, to sacrificing themselves – Mother Teresa, Nelson Mandela, Desmond Tutu, Gandhi, to mention a few. These are extraordinary individuals. Most people in the world who engage in heroic acts are [...] individuals who find themselves in a particular situation – one in which other people are looking the other way or continuing to perpetrate an evil behavior – and who, for some reason we don’t know, take heroic action. They do something to stop it – blow the whistle or otherwise challenge it in a direct way. That action is "heroic," even if the people are "ordinary." My sense is that the typical notion we have of heroes as super-stars, as super heroes, as Superman, and Batman, and Wonder Woman, gives us a false impression that being a hero means being able to do thing that none of us can actually accomplish. I want to argue just the opposite: that what we have to be doing more and more is cultivating the "heroic imagination" – especially in our children. The models of behavior that we want to give them are not rock stars, are not hip-hop artists, are not media celebrities or sports celebrities, – or even comic book heroes. Rather, it is the ordinary New York subway hero, Wesley Autrey, the 50-year old African-American construction worker who saved the life of a young man who had fallen on the train tracks from a seizure. While 75 others passively watched, he handed his two daughters over to a stranger and jumped down to save someone he did not know from death or dismemberment from and on coming subway. "I did what anyone would do, I did what everyone ought to do," were Autrey’s classic ordinary hero lines.
I have mixed thoughts about this. In general, I think Zimbardo is correct that heroes are ordinary people who step out of line to do what's necessary in extraordinary situations, but his example of Wesley Autrey is, I think, flawed, since what Autrey did was tremendously foolish, and was just as likely to get both he and the person he was saving killed as it was to save the man's life. Autrey's gamble paid off, and it's right that we should thank him for that, but while being a hero does imply taking some risk, it's not necessarily right that heroism should be linked to extraordinary or irrational risk.
Zimbardo also seems to buy into the Kitty Genovese fallacy as well. He says that "75 other passively watched", which implies that each of them was as capable of saving the man as Autry was, but if you eliminate the eldery, the frail, the obese, young children, people burdened with backpacks or confining clothes, and, perhaps most importantly, people not in as good a position as Autrey to render assistance, the odds are that very few of those 75 people had any chance of helping the man, and every chance of getting themselves injured or killed in the process. Autrey was the right man at the right time, and deserves his accolades, but we don't need to artificially inflate them by off-handedly denigrating the actions not taken by others, some for very acceptable reasons. The firefighters who lost their lives climbing the stairs of the World Trade Center Towers to rescue people inside were heroes, but I imagine they would not have looked kindly on a bunch of civilians who ran in and decided to join them and clogged up the stairwells when they ran out of breath. Those people would have been fools, not heroes.
What that tells us that heroism is not only about ordinary people taking steps to help out or stop an evil from happening, it's also to some extent about ability and circumstance. Zimbardo cites the reaction of his then-girlfriend (now wife) to the Stanford Prison Experiment as being the factor that caused him to close down the experiment, but would the very same remark coming from a bum who had wandered in have had the same effect on him? I rather doubt it. The girlfriend was enabled to be a hero by her status in the circumstances, while the bum, presumably, would have been an annoyance to be gotten rid of.
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